A joint is the contact area between the bones, a bone and cartilage, or between tissue

bone and teeth.

classification

According to its constitution, are classified as:

1 - Strings: with fibrous tissue (with abundant collagen fibers) and no joint cavity.

2 - cartilage: bone union is by cartilage, and have no joint cavity.

3 - Synovial: the bones are kept together by the action of dense connective tissue

a joint capsule and ligaments work, have joint capsule.

  According to their function, are classified as:

1 - sinartrosis: they are still

2 - amphiarthrosis: with limited movement

3 - diarthrosis: with a variety of movements

fibrous joints

No joint cavity, bones held together by fibrous connective tissue. They have no mobility. Their types are:

1 - Sutures: are the joints of the bones of the skull, with irregular borders and intertwined.

Includes synostosis or bone joints in which there is complete fusion of the bone

in the connection line (eg the front suture). Are functionally sinartrosis.

2 - syndesmosis: the amount of fibrous connective tissue is higher than the previous one, and is

arranged as a sheet between the two bones. For example tibiofibular joint

distally. Are functionally amphiarthrosis.

gomphosis: the articulation of the roots of the teeth in the jawbone. Are  functionally sinartrosis

cartilaginous joints

They have no joint cavity, bones, remains united by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. Their types are:

1 - synchondrosis: the connecting material is hyaline cartilage. For example, the articulation of the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum in children. (later ossifies and becomes synostosis). Are functionally sinartrosis.

2 - Symphysis: bones have a layer of hyaline cartilage and bone between a disc of fibrocartilage. For example the symphysis pubis and intervertebral joints. Are functionally amphiarthrosis.

synovial joints

Its structure comprises:

1) synovial cavity

2) articular cartilage

3) Joint capsule has an outer layer or fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane, sometimes may be accumulations of fatty tissue called articular fat pads.

4) synovial fluid

5) intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments accessories.

6) joint discs or menisci.

Different types of joints.

The types of synovial joints are:

1 - Flat: allow sliding movement in one plane, for example sternocostal or vertebrocostal.

2 - hinge: move in a plane about a single axis, allow only flexion and extension, eg knee, elbow, ankle. 3 - Pivot: are uniaxial and facilitate the rotation, for example the articulation of the atlas with the

axis.

4 - saddle: they are biaxial and faces are concave and convex, eg carpal-metacarpal joint of the thumb.

5 - Spherical: are multiaxial, and very mobile, a spherical surface moves into a cavity, eg the femoral head in the acetabulum of the iliac bone.

6 - condylar: are biaxial and allow movement in the sagittal and coronal, eg metacarpophalangeal joints or knuckles.

Functionally all synovial joints are synovial joints.

Disorders

Temporomandibular joint pain episodes may occur from three sources: collateral ligaments, retrodiscal tissue, joint capsule, all these structures are densely innervated by making it easy to understand the origin of pain.

Factors that increase the risk of developing temporomandibular disorders which call, predisposing factors, and in turn there are others that trigger the onset of pain to which we will call Trigger Factors. Many times the patient functions in equilibrium with predisposing factors and no pain because the balance between the musculoskeletal elements esquletales prevent it. It has even been demonstrated in patients with bone remodeling to accommodate excessive loads on the joint system to protect the patient from the beginning of a painful process.

The most common presenting symptoms are localized pain in the preauricular area or the chewing muscles that is aggravated by chewing, there is often limited or asymmetric jaw movement, can occur clicks, clicking, or crepitus depending on the conditions present in clinical entity intra-articular origin

Definition Muscle Disorders Clinic of the most common:

Co-contraction Protection: a response induced by central nervous system to protect the muscle where muscle damage or suspected. There is an increased muscle tone response secondary to a central system.

Located Muscle Soreness: a primary muscle noninflammatory condition, which comes after a muscle injury or a Co-Contraction Protection.

Myofascial pain: a regional pain, from mild intensity, presence of tender points (trigger points), to anesthetize the pain these pain points not continuous (3), it is important to understand the concept of referred pain to treat these patients, since generally the source of pain and the point of pain does not match. It is believed that localized ischemia can cause a sensitivity of the trigger point.

Clinical Definition of the most common joint disorder:

Disk Displacement: the condition is most common intra-articular, and has a clinical course of stages in which you can see a progression of arthropathy, there is an abnormal disc-condyle complex, usually seen anterior displacement and medial articular disc

Disc displacement with reduction: as seen from the closed mouth position, the disc transiently misaligned "reduce" the wrong position on the condyle, the mandibular translation occur during mouth opening. The patient has a noise in closing and opening one formerly described as "reciprocal click" which is a classic clinical sign of this condition.

It may be painful to the patient the phenomenon of "hard reduction", which is a sign present in some cases

Disc displacement without reduction: a disc-condyle relationship that lasts altered the translation, the disc is permanently displaced and "reduce." In its acute stage is painful and the patient has marked limitation in mandibular movement, opening is observed in a deviation from the midline toward the affected side, and a limited laterotrusion to the opposite side.

In its chronic stages is painless and simply exists to prevent a mechanical function

Arthritis

Is inflammation of one or more joints. A joint is the area where two bones meet. There are over 100 different types of arthritis.

.

 causes

Arthritis involves the breakdown of cartilage, which normally protects a joint, allowing it to move smoothly. Cartilage also absorbs shock when pressure is exerted on the joint, like when you walk. Without the usual amount of cartilage, bones rub together, causing pain, swelling (inflammation) and stiffness.

The joint inflammation can result from:

An autoimmune disease (the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue).

Bone fracture.

"Wear and tear" on joints.

Infection, usually by bacteria or viruses.

Usually, joint inflammation disappears after the cause is removed or treated. Sometimes it does not. When this happens, you have chronic arthritis. Arthritis can occur in men and women. Osteoarthritis is the most common type. 

Other common types of arthritis include:

ankylosing spondylitis

gonococcal arthritis

drop

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (in children)

Other bacterial infections (nongonococcal bacterial arthritis)

psoriatic arthritis

Reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome)

Rheumatoid arthritis (in adults)

scleroderma

Lupus erythematosus (SLE)

symptoms

Arthritis causes pain, swelling, stiffness and limited movement in the joint. Symptoms may include:

Joint pain.

Joint inflammation.

Decreased ability to move the joint.

Redness of skin around a joint.

Rigidity, especially in the morning.

Warmth around a joint.

Exams and Tests

The doctor will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history.

Physical examination may show:

Fluid around a joint.

Hot, red and tender.

Difficulty moving a joint (called "limited range of motion").

Some types of arthritis can cause joint deformity, which may be a sign of severe rheumatoid arthritis that has not been addressed.

Often do blood tests and joint x-rays to check for infection and other causes of arthritis.

The doctor may also remove a sample of joint fluid with a needle and sent to a lab for analysis.

treatment

The goal of treatment is to reduce pain, improve function and prevent joint damage more. Usually you can not cure the underlying cause.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a disease of the joints that mostly affects cartilage. Cartilage is the slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint. The cartilage allows bones to glide over each other. It also absorbs shock that occur with physical movement. With osteoarthritis, the top layer of cartilage breaks down and wears away. As a result, bones that were previously covered by cartilage begin to rub. The rubbing causes pain, swelling and loss of motion in the joint. Over time, the joint may lose its normal shape. Further, spurs may grow around the joint. Bits of bone or cartilage can break off and float inside the space that exists in the joint which causes more pain and damage.

People with osteoarthritis often have joint pain and limitation of motion. Unlike other forms of arthritis, osteoarthritis affects only joints and not internal organs. Rheumatoid arthritis, which is the second most common type of arthritis affects the joints and other body parts. Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis.

Osteoarthritis often occurs in the elderly. Some young people sometimes have osteoarthritis primarily by joint injuries.

Osteoarthritis usually occurs gradually over time. It can be caused by the following factors:

overweight

aging

Lesions of the joints

Defects in the formation of joint

A genetic defect in joint cartilage

The fatigue of the joints from certain jobs and sports.

Doctors often combine treatments to suit the needs, lifestyle and health of the patient. Treatment of osteoarthritis has four main objectives:

Improve joint function

Maintaining a healthy weight

Control pain

Achieving a healthy lifestyle.

The treatment plan for osteoarthritis may include:

exercise

Weight control

Rest and joint care

Techniques to control pain without medication

drugs

Complementary and Alternative Therapies

Surgery.

Osteoarthritis can occur in any joint. It occurs most often in the hands, knees, hips and spine.

The warning signs of osteoarthritis include:

Stiffness in a joint after getting out of bed or after sitting for a long time

Swelling or tenderness in one or more joints

Feeling or the crunch of bones rubbing against each other.

There is no specific test to diagnose osteoarthritis. Most doctors use several methods to diagnose the disease and rule out other problems such as:

medical History

physical examination

radiographs

Other tests such as blood tests or examination of joint fluid

Rheumatism

Rheumatism or Rheumatic disorder is a nonspecific term for medical problems affecting the joints, heart, bones, kidneys, skin and lungs.

The major rheumatic disorders currently recognized include:

ankylosing spondylitis

Back pain

Bursitis / tendonitis (shoulder pain, wrist, biceps, legs, knee, ankle, heel and hip).

capsulitis

Neck pain

osteoarthritis

psoriatic arthritis

rheumatic fever

Rheumatic fever (a long-term complication of rheumatic fever)

rheumatoid arthritis

lupus erythematosus

Giant cell arteritis and Polymyalgia rheumatica

tenosynovitis

myositis

initial treatment in rheumatic diseases is more important with analgesics such as paracetamol and anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are ibuprofen and naproxen. Often, stronger analgesics are required

hip dysplasia

We can define hip dysplasia in clinical development as a starting variable, is the anatomical alteration of the hip joint in newborns, where the femoral head remains outside the

acetabulum at birth or is unstable (may dislocate) in the first weeks of life. This causes the femoral head and acetabulum not develop normally.